Young

Native Species

Indicator description

Results for this indicator are also available for   ACT Bega Valley Bombala Boorowa Cooma-Monaro Cootamundra Eurobodalla Goulburn Mulwaree Gundagai Harden Palerang Queanbeyan Snowy River Tumbarumba Tumut Upper Lachlan Yass Valley Young

What the results tell us for Young

The full extent of native animal and plant species diversity in Young Shire is not known. About 230 plant species (native and introduced) and 171 animal species have been recorded there, but these records are not comprehensive. Increases in reported animal species diversity compared with the last reporting period reflect factors such as improved use of data sources and survey effort since June 2000. No comparative data were available of plant species diversity in the last period.

One plant and sixteen vertebrate animal species that occur in the shire are listed as Vulnerable or Endangered. The number of species in the shire listed as nationally threatened remained unchanged since the end of the last reporting period, while the number of species listed as threatened in NSW increased by six. An additional 52 threatened plant and animal species are predicted to occur in the shire.

Native plants and animals in the shire are subject to national, state and local laws relating to biodiversity protection. Formal recovery plans are in place for two of the 17 listed threatened species; one plan was completed during the current reporting period. During the same period, recovery plans were being prepared for another two species. Fourteen animal species were covered by three national action plans. Although various recovery actions had been initiated for many of the threatened species, the extent to which activities were carried out in the shire and had been effective in conserving the species was not known.

Council carried out proactive and active measures during the reporting period to help protect biodiversity in the shire and provided support to other bodies for the regulation of paddock clearing and clearing of dead hollow trees, and stream and revegetation projects. Council undertakes a coercive and legislative approach to ecologically sustainable development in all its own works and through the approvals process for development.

What native species occur in the shire?

No comprehensive lists of plant or animal species were available for Young Shire. As past extensive clearing has resulted in significant loss of natural habitat for native plants and animals, species occurring in vegetation remnants within or near the shire provide some indication of the area's former native species diversity. Important areas containing remnant vegetation include national parks, nature reserves, travelling stock reserves, road reserves and cemeteries.

Plants (flora)

List of plant species in Young Shire

About 230 plant species, most of them native, have been recorded in the shire. Comparative data for the previous reporting period were not available. No information was available on the abundance of native plant species during the current period.

One plant recorded in the shire is listed as Vulnerable (see Table 1); it was listed prior to the current reporting period. Scientific experts predict that an additional five vulnerable or endangered species may also occur in the shire (see Table 2), although there were no confirmed records of them at the end of the reporting period.

Table 1. Threatened plants known to occur in Young Shire

Common name	Scientific name	Conservation status#			Recovery Plan or Action Plan (Date if known)
		National†	NSW‡	Change*
McBarron's Goodenia	Goodenia macbarronii	V	V	No	National Recovery Plan in preparation (as at 28/02/04)

# Status (threat category): E = Endangered; V = Vulnerable
† National status under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999; ‡ NSW status under the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995; * Change in status since the end of the last reporting period (see also Threatened species—national status); Source: ANH 2005; DEC 2005b; DEH 2005; NSW Government 2005

Table 2. Threatened plant species predicted to occur in Young Shire

Common name	Scientific name
	Philotheca ericifolia
A spear grass	Austrostipa metatoris
A spear grass	Austrostipa wakoolica
Austral Pillwort	Pilularia novae-hollandiae
Crimson Spider Orchid	Caladenia concolor
Fleshy Minuria	Kippistia suaedifolia
Pine Donkey Orchid	Diuris tricolor
Silky Swainson-pea	Swainsona sericea
Slender Darling Pea	Swainsona murrayana
Spike Rush	Eleocharis obicis
Spiny Peppercress	Lepidium aschersonii
Tarengo Leek Orchid	Prasophyllum petilum
Winged Peppercress	Lepidium monoplocoides
Woolly Ragwort	Senecio garlandii
Yass Daisy	Ammobium craspedioides

Source: DEC 2005b

Animals (fauna)

List of native animal species in Young Shire

One hundred and seventy one native vertebrate animal species have been recorded in the shire, about 72% of them birds (see Table 3 and the list of animal species). This is 89 species more than reported in the previous reporting period; the increase probably reflects increased survey effort since June 2000, and possibly also the use of different data sources (see Differences between reporting periods). The number of invertebrate animals (insects etc) is not known. No specific information was available on the abundance of animal species.

Table 3. Number of vertebrate animal species known to occur in Young Shire

Animal group (Order)	Number of species
	2004	2000
Mammals	18	7
Birds	123	65
Amphibians	10	-
Reptiles	19	10
Fish	1	-
Total	171	82

Source: Birds Australia 2005; CSIRO 2005; NSW Government 2005; OCE 2000

Sixteen animal species recorded in Young Shire are listed as vulnerable or endangered (see Table 4). They include two mammals, 13 birds and one fish. During the reporting period six species were listed as Vulnerable in NSW. Scientific experts predict that an additional 37 vulnerable or endangered animal species may occur in the shire (see Table 5), although there were no confirmed records of them at the end of the reporting period. One Critically Endangered species—the Golden Sun Moth (Synemon plana)—is also predicted to occur in the area.

Table 4. Threatened animals known to occur in Young Shire

Common name	Scientific name	Conservation status#			Recovery Plan or Action Plan (Date if known)
		National†	NSW‡	Change*
Mammals
Large-footed Myotis	Myotis adversus	–	V	No	Action Plan (1999)3
Squirrel Glider	Petaurus norfolcensis	–	V	No	Action Plan (1996)2
Birds
Black-chinned Honeyeater (eastern form)	Melithreptus gularis gularis	–	V	Listed as Vulnerable in NSW, 26/10/01	Action Plan (2000) 1
Brown Treecreeper (eastern subspecies)	Climacteris picumnus victoriae	–	V	Listed as Vulnerable in NSW, 26/10/01	Action Plan (2000)1
Diamond Firetail	Stagonopleura guttata	–	V	Listed as Vulnerable in NSW, 26/10/01	Action Plan (2000)1
Freckled Duck	Stictonetta naevosa	–	V	No	Action Plan (2000)1
Gilbert's Whistler	Pachycephala inornata	–	V	No	None
Grey-crowned Babbler (eastern subspecies)	Pomatostomus temporalis temporalis	–	V	Listed as Vulnerable in NSW, 26/10/01	Action Plan (2000)1
Hooded Robin (south-eastern form)	Melanodryas cucullata cucullata	–	V	Listed as Vulnerable in NSW, 26/10/01	Action Plan (2000)1
Painted Honeyeater	Grantiella picta	–	V	No	Action Plan (2000)1
Regent Honeyeater	Xanthomyza phrygia	E	E	No	National Recovery Plan 1999–2003; Action Plan (2000)1
Speckled Warbler	Chthonicola sagittata	–	V	No	Action Plan (2000)1
Superb Parrot	Polytelis swainsonii	V	V	No	National Recovery Plan in preparation (as at 28/02/04); Action Plan (2000)1
Swift Parrot	Lathamus discolor	E	E	No	National Recovery 2001–2005; Action Plan (2000)1
Turquoise Parrot	Neophema pulchella	–	V	No	Action Plan (2000)1
Fish
Silver Perch	Bidyanus bidyanus	–	V	Listed as Vulnerable under Fisheries Management Act 1994, August 2000	Native Fish Strategy for the Murray-Darling Basin 2003–2013 (2003)4

# Status (threat category): E = Endangered; V = Vulnerable
† National status under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999; ‡ NSW status under the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995; * Change in status since the end of the last reporting period (see also Threatened species—national status).
References: 1 = Garnett & Crowley 2000; 2 = Maxwell et al. 1996; 3 = Duncan et al. 1999; 4 = MDBMC 2003; Other sources: Birds Australia 2005; CSIRO 2005; DEC 2005b; DEH 2005; DPI 2005; Graham 2005; NSW Government 2005

Table 5. Threatened animals predicted to occur in Young Shire

Common name	Scientific name
Australasian Bittern	Botaurus poiciloptilus
Australian Bustard	Ardeotis australis
Barking Owl	Ninox connivens
Black-breasted Buzzard	Hamirostra melanosternon
Black-chinned Honeyeater	Melithreptus gularis gularis
Black-tailed Godwit	Limosa limosa
Blue-billed Duck	Oxyura australis
Booroolong Frog	Litoria booroolongensis
Brolga	Grus rubicundus
Brush-tailed Phascogale	Phascogale tapoatafa
Bush Stone-curlew	Burhinus grallarius
Chestnut Quail-thrush	Cinclosoma castanotus
Eastern Bentwing-bat	Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis
Eastern Long-eared Bat (southeastern form)	Nyctophilus timoriensis
Eastern Pygmy-possum	Cercartetus nanus
Glossy Black Cockatoo	Calyptorhynchus lathami
Golden Sun Moth	Synemon plana
Grey-crowned Babbler (eastern subsp.)	Pomatostomus temporalis temporalis
Grey Falcon	Falco hypoleucos
Inland Forest Bat	Vespadelus baverstocki
Koala	Phascolarctos cinereus
Large-footed Myotis	Myotis adversus
Little Pied Bat	Chalinolobus picatus
Malleefowl	Leipoa ocellata
Magpie Goose	Anseranas semipalmata
Major Mitchell's Cockatoo	Cacatua leadbeateri
Osprey	Pandion haliaetus
Painted Snipe	Rostratula benghalensis
Pied Honeyeater	Certhionyx variegatus
Pine Donkey Orchid	Diuris tricolor
Powerful Owl	Ninox strenua
Rosenberg's Goanna	Varanus rosenbergi
Shy Heathwren	Calamanthus cautus
Southern Scrub-robin	Drymodes brunneopygia
Spotted-tailed Quoll	Dasyurus maculatus
Square-tailed Kite	Lophoictinia isura
Superb Parrot	Polytelis swainsonii
Yellow-bellied Sheathtail-bat	Saccoclaimus flaviventris

Source: DEC 2005b

In the broader South Western Slopes bioregion within which Young Shire is located, some bird species that are not listed as threatened are reported to have decreased in abundance over the last 20 years, although others are reported to have increased (Barrett et al. 2003). A selection of these species that occur in the shire is listed in Table 6.

Table 6. Native birds reported to be declining or increasing in the NSW South Western Slopes bioregion and known to occur in Young Shire*

Common Name	Scientific Name	Declining	Increasing
Australian Raven	Corvus coronoides		+
Barn Owl	Tyto alba	+
Black-shouldered Kite	Elanus axillaris	+
Black Swan	Cygnus atratus		+
Brown Falcon	Falco berigora	+
Crested Shrike-tit	Falcunculus frontatus	+
Crimson Rosella	Platycercus elegans		+
Dusky Moorhen	Gallinula tenebrosa		+
Eastern Yellow Robin	Eopsaltria australis		+
Grey Fantail	Rhipidura albiscapa		+
Grey Shrike-thrush	Colluricincla harmonica		+
Little Eagle	Hieraaetus morphnoides	+
Masked Lapwing	Vanellus miles	+
Nankeen Kestrel	Falco cenchroides	+
Noisy Friarbird	Philemon corniculatus		+
Pallid Cuckoo	Cuculus pallidus	+
Pied Butcherbird	Cracticus nigrogularis	+
Pied Currawong	Strepera graculina		+
Rainbow Bee-eater	Merops ornatus	+
Red Wattlebird	Anthochaera carunculata		+
Restless Flycatcher	Myiagra inquieta	+
Sacred Kingfisher	Todiramphus sanctus		+
Striated Pardalote	Pardalotus striatus		+
Sulphur-crested Cockatoo	Cacatua galerita		+
Superb Fairy-wren	Malurus cyaneus		+
Varied Sittella	Daphoenositta chrysoptera	+
White-browed Woodswallow	Artamus superciliosus	+
White-faced Heron	Egretta novaehollandiae	+
White-throated Treecreeper	Cormobates leucophaeus		+
Yellow Thornbill	Acanthiza nana		+

* For a complete list of declining and increasing species in the bioregion, see Barrett et al. 2003 pages 757–788; Source: Barrett et al. 2003; Birds Australia 2005; CSIRO 2005; NSW Government 2005

Threats and impacts on native species

Habitat disturbance and fragmentation are major threats to the distribution and abundance of native plant and animal species within the shire; with changes in landcover and landuse significant factors. There is little documented information however on the specific impacts of habitat disturbance, fragmentation or other threatening factors on species.

Although native plants and animals in the shire would have been subject to prolonged drought conditions during the current reporting period), actual drought impacts on species are generally not known or poorly understood. Such a natural event may however affect the abundance of species by causing localised deaths (plants and animals)and migration out of the area (animals).

Threatening processes affecting plants

Several key processes listed as threatening in Schedule 3 of the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 are relevant to plant species in Young Shire. They include:

• alteration to the natural flow regimes of rivers and streams and their floodplains and wetlands
• clearing of native vegetation
• competition and grazing by the feral European Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
• invasion of native plant communities by exotic perennial grasses.

The main known threats to the Vulnerable McBarron's Goodenia are habitat degradation through stock grazing, pig rooting, pugging and trampling, roadside disturbance, desiccation and competition from weeds (DEC 2005b).

Threatening processes affecting animals

Several key processes listed as threatening in Schedule 3 of the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 are relevant to animal species in Young Shire. They include:

• alteration to the natural flow regimes of rivers and streams and their floodplains and wetlands
• bushrock removal
• clearing of native vegetation
• competition and grazing by the feral European Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
• competition from feral honeybees (Apis mellifera)
• infection of frogs by amphibian chytrid causing the disease chytridiomycosis
• predation by Plague Minnow or Mosquito Fish (Gambusia holbrooki)
• predation by the European Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes)
• predation by the Feral Cat (Felis catus)
• removal of dead wood and dead trees.

Eight key threats identified for native fish within the Murray-Darling Basin (MDBMC 2003) may also be relevant to fish species within the shire. These threats are low regulation, habitat degradation, lowered water quality, barriers, alien species, exploitation, diseases, and translocation and stocking.

Specific threats identified for many of the endangered and vulnerable animals occurring in the shire are shown in Table 7. The threats include a range of factors that affect species habitat, food sources or population viability. Habitat clearance and fragmentation threaten many of the species. For information on known threats for individual threatened animal species in the area, and for other threatened species predicted to occur there, see http://www.threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov.au/index.aspx.

Table 7. Selection of known threats to some listed Endangered and Vulnerable animals in Young Shire

Species	Threats
Mammals
Squirrel Glider	habitat loss, fragmentation or degradation, e.g. through native vegetation clearance
Birds*
Brown Treecreeper (eastern subspecies); Hooded Robin (southern form); Painted Honeyeater; Regent Honeyeater; Swift Parrot; Turquoise Parrot	habitat loss, fragmentation or degradation through native vegetation clearance, overgrazing by stock and rabbits, tree loss through altered water tables fox and cat predation competition with Starlings for nest sites road mortality
Fish
Silver Perch	habitat loss or degradation through loss of riparian vegetation, modification of natural river flows and temperatures as a result of river regulation, removal of snags, changes in water quality associated with agriculture and other land uses, siltation caused by clearing illegal fishing (and possibly hooking injuries in accidentally caught fish) competition from or interactions with introduced fish species such as trout, redfin perch, gambusia and carp stocking of inappropriate genetic strains, poor quality silver perch or silver perch hybrids diseases such as EHN (epizootic haematopoietic necrosis), which is carried by redfin perch

* Each threat listed does not necessarily apply to every species; Source: DEC 2005b; DPI 2005

What is being done to conserve native species?

Laws and policy

National and state laws provide a framework for the protection of native plant and animal species within the shire. Two state laws were enacted during the reporting period: the Native Vegetation Act 2003 and the Catchment Management Authorities Act 2003. These two laws and the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 provide a landscape scale framework for biodiversity management. The National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974, other state laws including the Fisheries Management Act 1994 and Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 and the national Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 provide the framework for the recognition and protection of threatened plant and animal species, and usually require the species to be taken into account during proposed developments. More information on these laws is provided in Government laws and policies.

Young Shire is located within the Lachlan Catchment Management Authority (CMA) area. The CMA is required to work in partnership with Local Government as well as other stakeholders. The Lachlan Catchment Blueprint (Lachlan Catchment Management Board 2003), completed during the current reporting period, includes a range of management actions to restore, maintain or conserve biodiversity values.

Local government regulations, legislation or planning documents such as local environment plans may also provide some protection for native species, or limit or prohibit certain activities that may lead to the further decline of protected species. Any major Development Application involving land or vegetation disturbance is considered under the NSW Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 or an Environmental Impact Statement required, if necessary, under the NSW Environmental Planning and Assessment Regulation 2000.

Threatened species recovery planning

Of the 17 threatened species known to occur in Young Shire, formal recovery plans are in place for only two species (see Table 4); one was completed during the current reporting period. During the same period, national recovery plans were being prepared for another two species (see tables 1 and 4). Fourteen animal species were covered by three national action plans, at least two of which were completed prior to the current reporting period.

An array of actions has been detailed by various conservation management agencies for many of the threatened species occurring in the shire. Although recovery actions had been initiated during the reporting period by researchers and the NSW Department of Environment and Conservation for some of the threatened species with no recovery plans (DEC 2004), these actions did not necessarily occur within the shire. The extent to which recovery actions are proving effective in conserving targeted threatened species is not clear.

Other activities

Young Council carried out proactive and active measures during the reporting period to help protect biodiversity in the shire, and supported the Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Natural Resources process of regulating paddock clearing and clearing of dead hollow trees. Landcare groups and the supportive work of Council's Environmental Initiatives Committee saw the commencement of many projects for stream and revegetation work.

A range of nationally funded activities undertaken during the reporting period in the Lachlan catchment (DIPNR 2004) may also have enhanced the conservation of plant and animal species in the shire.

The Grassy Box Woodland Conservation Management Network initiated and commenced implemented of a Biodiversity Conservation in the NSW Sheep/Wheat Belt project during the reporting period. The project includes gathering information to assist in assessing the status and extent of endangered ecological communities and threatened bird species across the NSW sheep/wheat belt, of which Young Shire is a part. Surveys commenced just after the end of the current reporting period included sites located in the shire. The surveys are expected to be continued for several years, with each year's survey results being provided to local and regional planning authorities.

Young Shire supports eight Landcare groups. The Landcare NSW website has information on the range of activities occurring in the shire and the Lachlan catchment.

About the data

Data for species lists were obtained from the sources listed below.

• BioNet (NSW Government 2005)—this database includes records from the Australian Museum, Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC) and Department of Primary Industries (DPI). The DEC data includes data from the former NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service Atlas of NSW Wildlife database (DEC 2005a) and the Sydney Royal Botanic Gardens Herbarium Collection database (Royal Botanic Gardens 2005). The DPI data includes data from the former NSW State Forests and the former NSW Fisheries.
• Atlas of NSW Wildlife (DEC 2005a)—species records are submitted to the Atlas as incidental sightings or systematic surveys, or imported from existing databases. Location details are validated on data entry, based on the grid references supplied. An accuracy index of location is applied and all records are automatically assigned a reliability category, based on the observers' experience. Unusual sightings that fail validations are queried and further validation may occur.
• Australian National Wildlife Collection Database (CSIRO 2005).
• Australia's Virtual Herbarium database—contains flora records from the Australian National Herbarium and other major herbaria in Australia (ANH 2005).
• NSW State Forests data—flora and fauna records held by NSW State Forests South Coast, Eden and Riverina Regions.
• Atlas of Australian Birds database (Birds Australia 2005)—records of threatened and migratory birds only. Detail about the database, accuracy of its records and other relevant information is outlined in Barrett et al. (2003).
• Plant species reported in the State of the Environment 2000 report for Young Shire (see OCE 2000) were extracted from research records of Prober and Thiele (1993) from Monteagle Cemetery. As many of these species were not listed in the data sources listed above, the species have been included in the 2004 plant data.

Selection of species records

Species records were selected from between July 1955 to June 2004. This date range was used to eliminate species which had not been recorded in the last 50 years, and to eliminate historic records with poor locational and taxonomic detail.

Where possible, an attempt was made to exclude exotic species from all species lists. However, due to extensive data and time constraints, some exotic plant species may be included in the list of native species and hence also included in the plant species total for the shire.

Some species, especially plants, may appear more than once in the species lists of native plants and animals where slight variations in spelling or formatting of scientific names have occurred between or within the datasets used to compile these lists.

The total number of plant and animal species referred to in this report equals the total number of taxa listed in the lists of native plant and animal species (i.e. the total 'species' count includes varieties, subspecies, forms and hybrids).

Differences between reporting periods

Where possible, any exotic species included in the 2000 lists, and species which were duplicated in the lists from the 2000 State of the Environment Report, were eliminated and not counted in the total number of species for this report. Species records for 2000 and 2004 which did not include a full scientific name (i.e. genus and species) were also eliminated from both lists. These three factors mean there will be discrepancies between 2000 species counts mentioned in this report and species counts mentioned in the 2000 State of the Environment Report.

Species counts in the 2000 State of the Environment Report may include historic records, assuming the 2000 data were sourced from the Atlas of NSW Wildlife (see OCE 2000). Historic records (more than 50 years old) were excluded from the current report.

The number of data sources for this state of the environment report appears to be greater than that used for 2000 State of the Environment Report. The animal species counts for this report include only records from current sources and do not include an amalgamation with species determined from 2000 State of the Environment Report sources unless the source was one of the following:

• a data source other than the Atlas of NSW Wildlife
• where a taxon has not been recorded from current sources (e.g. some fish or invertebrate records for some local government areas).

Threatened species—national status

Plant and animal species listed under the Commonwealth Government's Endangered Species Protection Act 1992 were automatically transferred to the new Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) and were formally listed under the EPBC Act on 16 July 2000. Although this listing date falls within the current reporting period, the status of such species was considered to remain unchanged from the previous reporting period.

Threatened species predicted to occur in the council area

Data were provided from DEC, Threatened Species Unit, Southern Directorate as an extract from its Property Vegetation Planning Database. The information contained in this database is available on the internet (DEC 2005b), however the website is still being developed. The underlying data is being refined, additional utilities will be added and a number of known bugs resolved before the site is officially launched.

Recovery planning data

DEC provided the results of a search of the NSW Recovery Planning Database (DEC 2004). The results showed recovery actions undertaken for all threatened species within NSW for the current reporting period. The search was carried out on 15 December 2004.

References

ANH—see Australian National Herbarium

Australian National Herbarium (2005) Australia's Virtual Herbarium database, Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, CSIRO and Australian National Botanic Gardens, Department of Environment and Conservation, Canberra.

Barrett, G, Silcocks, A, Barry, S, Cunningham, R and Poulter, R (2003) The New Atlas of Australian Birds, Royal Australasian Ornithologist's Union, Melbourne.

Birds Australia (2005) Atlas of Australian Birds database, Birds Australia, Melbourne.

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (2005) Australian National Wildlife Collection Database, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Sustainable Ecosystems, Canberra.

CSIRO—see Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

DEC—see Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW)

DEH—see Department of Environment and Heritage (Commonwealth)

Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW) (2004) Recovery Planning Database, Threatened Species Unit, Department of Environment and Conservation, Hurstville.

Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW) (2005a) Atlas of NSW Wildlife Database, Department of Environment and Conservation, Hurstville.

Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW) (2005b) Threatened Species, Populations and Ecological Communities of NSW Catchments, viewed 12 April 2005, http://www.threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov.au/index.aspx.

Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW) (2005c) South West Slopes Conservation Management Network Database, Department of Environment and Conservation, Queanbeyan.

Department of Environment and Heritage (Commonwealth) (2005) Species Profile and Threats Database, viewed December 2005, http://www.deh.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/sprat.pl.

Department of Infrastructure Planning and Natural Resources (NSW) (2004) 2003/04 Combined NSW Catchment Management Authorities Annual Report, Volume 1: CMA Activities and Achievements, Department of Infrastructure Planning and Natural Resources, Sydney.

Department of Primary Industries (NSW) (2005) Fisheries Scientific Committee Final Recommendations, viewed April 2005, http://www.fisheries.nsw.gov.au/threatened_species/fsc/recomend.

DIPNR—see Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Natural Resources (NSW)

DPI—see Department of Primary Industries (NSW)

Duncan, A, Baker, GB and Montgomery, N (eds) (1999) The Action Plan for Australian Bats, Environment Australia, Canberra.

Garnett, ST and Crowley, GM (2000) The Action Plan for Australian Birds, Environment Australia, Canberra.

Graham, C (2005) Charles Sturt University, personal communication.

Lachlan Catchment Management Board (2003) Lachlan Catchment Blueprint, Department of Land and Water Conservation, Sydney, online at http://www.dlwc.nsw.gov.au/care/cmb/blueprints/pdf/lachlan_blueprint.pdf.

Maxwell, S, Burbidge, AA and Morris, K (eds) (1996) The 1996 Action Plan for Australian Marsupials and Monotremes, Environment Australia, Canberra.

MDBMC—see Murray-Darling Basin Ministerial Council

Murray-Darling Basin Ministerial Council (2003) Native Fish Strategy for the Murray-Darling Basin 2003–2013, Murray Darling Basin Commission, Canberra.

NSW Government (2005) BioNet System, NSW Government, viewed 11 April 2005, http://www.bionet.nsw.gov.au/BioNet.cfm?is_ie5up.

OCE—see Office of the Commissioner for the Environment

Office of the Commissioner for the Environment (2000) Australian Capital Region State of the Environment Report 2000, Office of the Commissioner for the Environment, Canberra.

Prober, S and Thiele, K (1993) Surviving in Cemeteries – the Grassy White Box Woodlands, National Parks Journal 37 (1):13–15.

Royal Botanic Gardens (2005) Herbarium Collection Database, Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney.